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The Most-Used Linux Commands

A Linux command is a program or utility that runs on the command line. A command line is an interface that accepts lines of text and processes them into instructions for your computer.

1. ls Command

ls is probably the first command every Linux user typed in their terminal. It allows you to list the contents of the directory you want (the current directory by default), including files and other nested directories.

ls

It has many options, so it might be good to get some help by using the --help flag. This flag returns all the flags you can use with ls.

2. alias Command

The alias command lets you define temporary aliases in your shell session. When creating an alias, you instruct your shell to replace a word with a series of commands.

For example, to set ls to have color without typing the --color flag every time, you would use:

alias ls="ls --color=auto"

As you can see, the alias command takes one key-value pair parameter: alias NAME="VALUE". Note that the value must be inside quotes.

If you want to list all the aliases you have in your shell session, you can run the alias command without argument.

alias

3. unalias Command

As the name suggests, the unalias command aims to remove an alias from the already defined aliases. To remove the previous ls alias, you can use:

unalias ls

4. pwd Command

The pwd command stands for “print working directory,” and it outputs the absolute path of the directory you’re in. For example, if your username is “voq” and you’re in your Documents directory, its absolute path would be: /home/voq/Documents.

To use it, simply type pwd in the terminal:

pwd
# Result: /home/voq/Documents

5. cd Command

The cd command is highly popular, along with ls. It refers to “change directory” and, as its name suggests, switches you to the directory you’re trying to access.

For instance, if you’re inside your Documents directory and you’re trying to access one of its subfolders called Videos, you can enter it by typing:

cd Videos

You can also supply the absolute path of the folder:

cd /home/voq/Documents/Videos

There are some tricks with the cd command that can save you a lot of time when playing around with it:

1. Go to the home folder

cd

2. Move a level up

cd ..

3. Return to the previous directory

cd -

6. cp Command

It’s so easy to copy files and folders directly in the Linux terminal that sometimes it can replace conventional file managers.

To use the cp command, just type it along with the source and destination files:

cp file_to_copy.txt new_file.txt

You can also copy entire directories by using the recursive flag:

cp -r dir_to_copy/ new_copy_dir/

Remember that in Linux, folders end with a forward slash (/).

7. rm Command

Now that you know how to copy files, it’ll be helpful to know how to remove them.

You can use the rm command to remove files and directories. Be careful while using it, though, because it’s very difficult (yet not impossible) to recover files deleted this way.

To delete a regular file, you’d type:

rm file_to_copy.txt

If you want to delete an empty directory, you can use the recursive (-r) flag:

rm -r dir_to_remove/

On the other hand, to remove a directory with content inside of it, you need to use the force (-f) and recursive flags:

rm -rf dir_with_content_to_remove/

Be careful with this — you can erase a whole day of work by misusing these two flags!

8. mv Command

You use the mv command to move (or rename) files and directories through your file system.

To use this command, you’d type its name with the source and destination files:

mv source_file destination_folder/
mv command_list.txt commands/

To utilize absolute paths, you’d use:

mv mv /home/kinsta/BestMoviesOfAllTime ./

…where ./ is the directory you’re currently in.

You also can use mv to rename files while keeping them in the same directory:

mv mv old_file.txt new_named_file.txt

9. mkdir Command

To create folders in the shell, you use the mkdir command. Just specify the new folder’s name, ensure it doesn’t exist, and you’re ready to go.

mkdir images/

To create subdirectories with a simple command, use the parent (-p) flag:

mkdir -p abc/xyz/

10. man Command

Another essential Linux command is man. It displays the manual page of any other command (as long as it has one).

To see the manual page of the mkdir command, type:

man mkdir

You could even refer to the man manual page:

man man

11. touch Command

The touch command allows you to update the access and modification times of the specified files.

To change its modification date to the current time, we need to use the -m flag:

touch -m old_file

Nonetheless, most of the time, you won’t use touch to modify file dates, but rather to create new empty files:

touch new_file_name

12. chmod Command

The chmod command lets you change the mode of a file (permissions) quickly. It has a lot of options available with it.

The basic permissions a file can have are:

One of the most common use cases for chmod is to make a file executable by the user. To do this, type chmod and the flag +x, followed by the file you want to modify permissions on:

chmod +x script

You use this to make scripts executable, allowing you to run them directly by using the ./ notation.

13. ./ Command

Maybe the ./ notation isn’t a command itself, but it’s worth mentioning in this list. It lets your shell run an executable file with any interpreter installed in your system directly from the terminal. No more double-clicking a file in a graphical file manager!

For instance, with this command, you can run a Python script or a program only available in .run format. When running an executable, make sure it has executable (x) permissions, which you can modify with the chmod command.

Here’s a simple Python script and how we would run it with the ./ notation:

#! /usr/bin/python3
# filename: script
for i in range(20):
print(f"This is a cool script {i}")

Here’s how we’d convert the script into an executable and run it:

chmod +x script
./script

14. exit Command

The exit command does exactly what its name suggests: With it, you can end a shell session and, in most cases, automatically close the terminal you’re using:

exit

15. sudo Command

This command stands for “superuser do,” and it lets you act as a superuser or root user while you’re running a specific command. It’s how Linux protects itself and prevents users from accidentally modifying the machine’s filesystem or installing inappropriate packages.

Sudo is commonly used to install software or to edit files outside the user’s home directory:

sudo apt install gimp
sudo cd /root/

It’ll ask you for the administrator’s password before running the command you typed after it.

16. shutdown Command

As you may guess, the shutdown command lets you power off your machine. However, it also can be used to halt and reboot it.

To power off your computer immediately (the default is one minute), type:

shutdown now

You can also schedule to turn off your system in a 24-hour format:

shutdown 20:40

To cancel a previous shutdown call, you can use the -c flag:

shutdown -c

17. htop Command

htop is an interactive process viewer that lets you manage your machine’s resources directly from the terminal. In most cases, it isn’t installed d by default, so make sure to read more about it on its download page.

htop

18. unzip Command

The unzip command allows you to extract the content of a .zip file from the terminal. Once again, this package may not be installed by default, so make sure you install it with your package manager.

unzip images.zip

19. apt, yum, pacman commands

No matter which Linux distribution you’re using, it’s likely that you use package managers to install, update, and remove the software you use every day.

You can access these package managers through the command line, and you’d use one or another depending on the distro your machine is running.

The following examples will install GIMP, a free and open source software usually available in most package managers:

1. Debian-based (Ubuntu, Linux Mint)

sudo apt install gimp

2. Red Hat-based (Fedora, CentOS)

sudo yum install gimp

3. Arch-based (Manjaro, Arco Linux)

sudo pacman -S gimp

20. echo Command

The echo command displays defined text in the terminal — it’s that simple:

echo "Cool message"

The echo command displaying "Cool message".

Its primary usage is to print environmental variables inside those messages:

echo "Hey $USER"
# Result: Hey Admin

21. cat Command

Cat, short for “concatenate,” lets you create, view, and concatenate files directly from the terminal. It’s mainly used to preview a file without opening a graphical text editor:

cat long_text_file.txt

22. ps Command

With ps, you can take a look at the processes your current shell session is running. It prints useful information about the programs you’re running, like process ID, TTY (TeleTYpewriter), time, and command name.

ps

23. kill Command

It’s annoying when a program is unresponsive, and you can’t close it by any means. Fortunately, the kill command solves this kind of problem.

You can kill processes by entering either the PID (processes ID) or the program’s binary name:

kill 3242
kill firefox

Be careful with this command — with kill, you run the risk of accidentally deleting the work you’ve been doing.

24. ping Command

ping is the most popular networking terminal utility used to test network connectivity. ping has a ton of options, but in most cases, you’ll use it to request a domain or IP address:

ping google.com
ping 8.8.8.8

25. vim Command

vim is a free and open source terminal text editor that’s in used since the ’90s. It lets you edit plain text files using efficient keybindings.

vim

26. history Command

If you’re struggling to remember a command, history comes in handy. This command displays an enumerated list with the commands you’ve used in the past:

history

27. passwd Command

passwd allows you to change the passwords of user accounts. First, it prompts you to enter your current password, then asks you for a new password and confirmation.

passwd

28. which Command

The which command outputs the full path of shell commands. If it can’t recognize the given command, it’ll throw an error.

which python
# /usr/bin/python

29. shred Command

If you ever wanted a file to be almost impossible to recover, shred can help you with this task. This command overrides the contents of a file repeatedly, and as a result, the given file becomes extremely difficult to recover.

shred file_to_shred.txt

If you want to delete the file right away, you can use the -u flag:

shred -u file_to_shred.txt

30. less Command

less (opposite of more) is a program that lets you inspect files backward and forward:

less large_text_file.txt

The neat thing about less is that it includes more and vim commands in its interface. If you need something more interactive than cat, less is a good option.

31. tail Command

Similar to cat, tail prints the contents of a file with one major caveat: It only outputs the last lines. By default, it prints the last 10 lines, but you can modify that number with -n.

For example, to print the last lines of a large text file, you’d use:

tail long.txt

To view only the last four lines:

tail -n 4 long.txt

32. head Command

This one is complementary to the tail command. head outputs the first 10 lines of a text file, but you can set any number of lines you want to display with the -n flag:

head long.txt
head -n 5 long.txt

33. grep Command

Grep is one of the most powerful utilities for working with text files. It searches for lines that match a regular expression and print them:

grep "linux" long.txt

You can count the number of times the pattern repeats by using the -c flag:

grep -c "linux" long.txt
# 12

34. whoami Command

The whoami command (short for “who am i”) displays the username currently in use:

whoami

You would get the same result by using echo and the environmental variable $USER:

echo $USER

35. whatis Command

whatis prints a single-line description of any other command, making it a helpful reference:

whatis python
# python (1) - an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
whatis whatis
# whatis (1) - display one-line manual page descriptions

36. wc Command

Wc stands for “word count,” and as the name suggests, it returns the number of words in a text file:

wc long.txt
# 31 327 1000 long.txt

Let’s breakdown the output of this command:

If you only need the number of words, use the -w flag:

wc -w long.txt
# 327 long.txt

37. uname Command

uname (short for “Unix name”) prints the operative system information, which comes in handy when you know your current Linux version.

Most of the time, you’ll be using the -a (–all) flag, since the default output isn’t that useful:

uname
uname -a

38. neofetch Command

Neofetch is a CLI (command-line interface) tool that displays information about your system — like kernel version, shell, and hardware — next to an ASCII logo of your Linux distro:

neofetch

In most machines, this command isn’t available by default, so make sure to install it with your package manager first.

39. find Command

The find command searches for files in a directory hierarchy based on a regex expression. To use it, follow the syntax below:

find [flags] [path] -name [expression]

To search for a file named long.txt in the current directory, enter this:

find ./ -name "long.txt"
# Result: ./long.txt

To search for files that end with a .py (Python) extension, you can use the following command:

find ./ -type f -name "*.py"
# Result:
./get_keys.py
./github_automation.py
./binarysearch.py

40. wget Command

wget (World Wide Web get) is a utility to retrieve content from the internet. It has one of the largest collections of flags out there.

Here’s how you would download a file:

wget https://example.com/file.zip